NAMES ANALYSIS REPORT
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The English meaning of Eskenazi is From "Ashkenazi" meaning someone who comes from Germany or Eastern Europe.
The name Eskenazi is of Hebrew origin.
The surname Eskenazi is aCompound name, which means that it is derived from a man's given name, usually a father , paternal ancestor or patron.
There are many indicators that the name Eskenazi may be of Jewish origin, emanating from the Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal.
When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian Peninsula. The approximately 750,000 Jews living in Spain in the year 1492 were banished from the country by royal decree of Ferdinand and Isabella. The Jews of Portugal, were banished several years later. Reprieve from the banishment decrees was promised to those Jews who converted to Catholicism. Though some converted by choice, most of these New-Christian converts were called CONVERSOS or MARRANOS (a derogatory term for converts meaning pigs in Spanish), ANUSIM (meaning "coerced ones" in Hebrew) and CRYPTO-JEWS, as they secretly continued to practice the tenets of the Jewish faith.
Our research has found that the family name Eskenazi is cited with respect to Jews & Crypto-Jews in at least 62 bibliographical, documentary, or electronic references:
Sephardic names from the magazine "ETSI". Most of the names are from (but not limited to) France and North Africa. Published by Laurence Abensur-Hazan and Philip Abensur.
ETSI (a Paris-based, bilingual French-English periodical) is devoted exclusively to Sephardic genealogy and is published by the Sephardi Genealogical and Historical Society (SGHS). It was founded by Dr. Philip Abensur, and his professional genealogist wife, Laurence Abensur-Hazan. ETSI's worldwide base of authors publish articles identifying a broad spectrum of archival material of importance to the Sephardic genealogist. A useful feature of ETSI is the listing, on the back cover, of all Sephardic family names, and places of origin, cited in the articles contained in each issue
From the civil records of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
The Amsterdam Municipal Archives possess a complete set of registers of intended marriages from 1578 to 1811, the year when the present Civil Registry was started. Between 1598 and 1811, 15238 Jewish couples were entered in these books. Both the number of records and the volume of data that may be extracted from them are unprecedented.
Dicionario Sefaradi De Sobrenomes (Dictionary of Sephardic Surnames), G. Faiguenboim, P. Valadares, A.R. Campagnano, Rio de Janeiro, 2004
A bilingual (Portugese/English)reference book of Sephardic surnames. Includes New Christians, Conversos, Crypto-Jews (Marranos), Italians, Berbers and their history in Spain, Portugal and Italy. Contains over 16,000 surnames presented under 12000 entries, with hundreds of rare photographs, family shields and illustrations.It also contains a 72-page summary of Sephardic history, before and after the expulsion from Spain and Portugal, as well as a 40-page linguistic essay about Sephardic names, including an interesting list of the 250 most frequent Sephardic surnames. The period covered by the dictionary is of 600 years, from the 14th to the 20th century, and the area covered includes Spain and Portugal, France, Italy, Holland, England, Germany, Balkans, Central and Eastern Europe, the former Ottoman Empire, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, North America, Central America and the Caribbean, South America and more.
List of (mostly) Sephardic brides from the publication, "List of 7300 Names of Jewish Brides and Grooms who married in Izmir Between the Years 1883-1901 & 1918-1933". By Dov Cohen.
Dov Cohen has created an index of brides and grooms based on the organization of Ketubot (Jewish wedding contracts) from marriages within the Turkish community of Izmir. From this material we can identify the Jewish families who lived in Turkey since the Spanish expulsion in 1492 in two periods: the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of the secular government of Turkish Republic. Events of these periods forced this community to emigrate to America.
List of (mostly) Sephardic grooms from the publication, "List of 7300 Names of Jewish Brides and Grooms who married in Izmir Between the Years 1883-1901 & 1918-1933". By Dov Cohen.
Dov Cohen has created an index of brides and grooms based on the organization of Ketubot (Jewish wedding contracts) from marriages within the Turkish community of Izmir. From this material we can identify the Jewish families who lived in Turkey since the Spanish expulsion in 1492 in two periods: the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of the secular government of Turkish Republic. Events of these periods forced this community to emigrate to America.
Sephardic names from the magazine "ETSI". Most of the names are from (but not limited to) France and North Africa. Published by Laurence Abensur-Hazan and Philip Abensur.
ETSI (a Paris-based, bilingual French-English periodical) is devoted exclusively to Sephardic genealogy and is published by the Sephardi Genealogical and Historical Society (SGHS). It was founded by Dr. Philip Abensur, and his professional genealogist wife, Laurence Abensur-Hazan. ETSI's worldwide base of authors publish articles identifying a broad spectrum of archival material of importance to the Sephardic genealogist. A useful feature of ETSI is the listing, on the back cover, of all Sephardic family names, and places of origin, cited in the articles contained in each issue
From the records of Bevis Marks, The Spanish and Portuguese Congregation of London
Bevis Marks is the Sephardic synagogue in London. It is over 300 years old and is the oldest still in use in Britain.The Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of London has published several volumes of its records: they can be found in libraries such as the Cambridge University Library or the London Metropolitan Archive
Finding Our Fathers: A Guidebook to Jewish Genealogy, by Dan Rottenberg
In this work Dan Rottenberg shows how to do a successful search for probing the memories of living relatives, by examining marriage licenses, gravestones, ship passenger lists, naturalization records, birth and death certificates, and other public documents, and by looking for clues in family traditions and customs. Supplementing the "how to" instructions is a guide to some 8,000 Jewish family names, giving the origins of the names, sources of information about each family, and the names of related families whose histories have been recorded. Other features included a country-by-country guide to tracing Jewish ancestors abroad, a list of Jewish family history books, and a guide to researching genealogy.
From the burial register of Bethahaim Velho Cemetery, Published by the Jewish Historical Society of England and transcribed by R. D. Barnett.
The register gives us dates for the burials in the "Bethahaim Velho" or Old Cemetery. The dates are listed as per the Jewish calendar.
History of the Jews in Venice, by Cecil Roth
In this work, Cecil Roth covers the long course of Italian-Jewish history extending from pre-Christian times, comprising in a degree every facet of the evolution of Jewish life in Europe. Contains a huge store of facts tracing regional variations over a period of 2000 years.
The Jews of New Spain, by Seymour B. Liebman
Professor Liebman endeavors to discover why, beginning in 1521, Jews migrated from Old Spain to New Spain. He then proceeds to document the persistence of Jewish life in the face of a new Spanish Inquisition and formalized suppression including forced conversion and exclusion from citizenship. The author concludes it was the religious, cultural and personal vitality of Jews that caused their cherished and proud identity to persist, even though most of the earliest Jewish migrants eventually did assimilate into Mexican society.
The Sephardic Jews of Bordeaux, by Frances Malino
Describing the tensions that existed between the Sephardic community of Bordeaux and the Ashkenazic Jews of France, the author also depicts their role in the relation of the Jews with Napoleon and the forming of the Grand Sanhedrin
Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation, by Miriam Bodian
This work explores why the Portuguese Jews of northern Europe never established a solid sense of belonging to the wider Sephardi diaspora. It explores how, historically, the Conversos lost the consciousness of being “Sephardi” in the generations after the expulsion from Spain and the mass baptism of Portugal’s Jews in 1497. To be sure, once the Portuguese ex-Conversos organized in Jewish communities, their leaders made efforts to reconnect with the wider Sephardi world, and these efforts had serious symbolic and strategic value. But the Portuguese Jews’ rootedness in the Converso experience meant that their core sense of collective self remained distinct. Contributing factors to their enduring sense of distinctness were these aspects of Converso experience: the absorption of Catholic notions of piety; the “de-rabbinization” of crypto-Jewish belief; and the difficulty for many Conversos of maintaining any stable set of traditional beliefs. The outward image their leaders sought to cultivate may have been one of Sephardi traditionalism, but, at an emotional level, members of these communities continued to regard themselves as members of the “nação”—a term that evoked the Converso past.
Histoire des Juifs de Rhodes, Chio, Cos,(History of the Jews of Rhodes: Chio,Cos) by Professor Abraham Galante, published in Istanbul.
Abraham Galante (1873-1961) was first a teacher and an inspector in the Jewish Turkish Schools of Rhodes and Izmir. He conducted an active campaign for the adoption of the Turkish language by the Jews. In 1914, after the revolution of the Young Turks, Galante was appointed professor of Semitic languages and later of history of the Ancient Orient. His principal field of scientific activity was the study of the Jewish history in Turkey
Dicionario Sefaradi De Sobrenomes (Dictionary of Sephardic Surnames), G. Faiguenboim, P. Valadares, A.R. Campagnano, Rio de Janeiro, 2004
A bilingual (Portugese/English)reference book of Sephardic surnames. Includes New Christians, Conversos, Crypto-Jews (Marranos), Italians, Berbers and their history in Spain, Portugal and Italy. Contains over 16,000 surnames presented under 12000 entries, with hundreds of rare photographs, family shields and illustrations.It also contains a 72-page summary of Sephardic history, before and after the expulsion from Spain and Portugal, as well as a 40-page linguistic essay about Sephardic names, including an interesting list of the 250 most frequent Sephardic surnames. The period covered by the dictionary is of 600 years, from the 14th to the 20th century, and the area covered includes Spain and Portugal, France, Italy, Holland, England, Germany, Balkans, Central and Eastern Europe, the former Ottoman Empire, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, North America, Central America and the Caribbean, South America and more.
Laurence Abensur-Hazan. La Boz del Pueblo,(The People's Voice) from "CGJ: Cercle de Genealogie Juive", the Jewish Genealogical Society in France, Publication No. 49,t.13, Paris, 1997.
Genealogical data records on Jews from Izmir from "La Boz del Puevlo", by Laurence Abensur-Hazan. The author is a founder and president of Etsi ("my tree" in Hebrew), the Sephardi Historical and Genealogical Society based in Paris. A graduate notary and lawyer, she is currently a professional genealogist in Paris. She works on the French naturalization of Jews from the Ottoman Empire and on the Alliance Israelite Universelle Archives.
Abraham Levy Benshimol, "Matrimonios en la Asociacion Israelita de Venezuela, 1953-1998" (Marriages in the Jewish Association of Venezuela), in Maguen No 117, Caracas, oct/nov 2000
Research conducted on the Marriage Records of the Jewish Association of Venezuela, which was founded by Moroccan Jews. 949 weddings are mentioned, and these are displayed in several statistical tables. An interesting fact is the frequent appearance of surnames of the intended spouses. The four most common surnames, both for men and for women, are the same: Cohen, Chocron, Levy and Benzaquen.
Bernard Allali. La saga des noms des familles juives tunisiennes(The saga of the names of Tunisian Jewish families) en "Le Voyage Loisirs", France, 1977
The story of Jewish surnames in Tunisia.
George Anticoni. List of members of the Sephardic Synagogue in London.
The author is Chairman of The Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain. The Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain has a searchable database of more than 20,000 Jews who were living in Great Britain in 1851. The database covers mainly England, Wales and Scotland with a few additions from Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. It is estimated that more than half the Jewish population at that time is represented.
Avram Pinto. The Jews of Serbia and Bosnia Herzegovina, Rome, 1996
The first Jews did not immigrate to Bosnia until the Spanish Inquisition and expulsion in 1492. When the area was taken over by the Austrian-Hungary empire in 1878 these Sephardic Jews were joined by many Ashkenazi Jews. In this book, the author presents a colorful history of the different Jewish communities.
B.J. Arditti. The Jews of Bulgary Under The Nazi regime 1940-1944, Tel-Aviv, 1962.
This book is the first one on this specific subject. When immigrating to Israel in 1949, Arditti brought with him a rich documentation which allowed him to analyze the subject. The book includes a documents list and a comprehensive bibliography.
Marcos Curzon. "The First Jews in the City of Santa Fe", published in Toldot, Buenos Aires, May 1999.
This article presents a brief history of the Jewish Community in Santa Fe, Argentina starting in 1867 when the arrival of the first Jewish residents who were of Sephardi origin is documented.
Samuel Isaac Benchimol."Eretz Amazonia. Os Judeus na Amazonia" (The Jews of the Amazons), Manaus, 1998.
Samuel Isaac Benchimol was born on July 13, 1923 in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. He was a writer (with 110 published works), member of the Academia Amazonense de Letras), professor (Emeritus at the Universidade do Amazonas, where he taught for over 50 years), community leader (served as president of the Amazonas Jewish Community from 1975-1985) and businessman. His vast body of intellectual work includes books and articles. His dedication to his community culminated with the publication of this work, “Eretz Amazônia”. Professor Benchimol took it upon himself to visit every Jewish cemetery in the Amazon, listing all the surnames. Later, tracking these surnames, he was able to determine which were the Amazonian families of Jewish origin, extrapolating as in the case of the surname Assayag, nowadays used by thousands of families, many of them assimilated and converted to Christianity.
Marcelo Benveniste. "Origen: La Isla de Rodas" (Origin: The Island of Rhodes), in Boletin No.3, Sociedad Argentina de Genealogia Judia, Buenos Aires, apr 1997.
Marcelo Benveniste, List of Holocaust Victims (online)
List of names based on the book "The Jewish Martyrs of Rhodes and Cos" by Hizkia Franco (Rhodes, 1947) and in "History of the Jews of Rhodes, Chios and Cos" (Istanbul, 1948) by Abraham Galante. Revised and corrected by David Galante and Rita Eskenazi de Levitus.
Matilde Gini de Barnatan. Picciotto, originals, Sao Paulo, 1996.
Genealogy of the descendants of Daniel Pichoto (b.1605), a family originating from Livorno and based in Alepo. It is a branch that became a consular dynasty, representing European powers in the East.
Synagogue Beth Yaacov Sao Paulo, list of members, Sao Paulo, 1996.
There are about 96,500 Jews in Brazil today. The current Jewish community is mostly composed of Ashkenazi Jews of Polish and German descent and also Sephardic Jews of Spanish, Portuguese, and North African descent. Brazilian Jews play an active role in politics, sports, academia, trade and industry, and are overall well integrated in all spheres of Brazilian life. The majority of Brazilian Jews live in the State of São Paulo although there are sizeable communities elsewhere. Jews lead an open religious life in Brazil and there are schools, associations and synagogues where Brazilian Jews can practice and pass on Jewish culture and traditions. The Beit Yaakov synagogue, in Sao Paulo, Brazil, is an imposing temple, built in the 90s, a gift of the brothers Joseph and Moise Safra to the Jewish community of Sao Paulo. Also known as the Safra Synagogue, it is the largest synagogue in the city of São Paulo.
Paul Armony. "Apellidos sefardies mas frecuentes obtenidos de los cementerios Avellaneda - Lomas de Zamora - Ciudadela (Acis y Asia) - Tablada Sefaradi y Bancalari" (Common sephardic names as taken from the Avellaneda Cemetery). SEFARAires Nº9 / 2003 página 7.
Paul Armony, President of the Jewish Genealogy Association in Argentina, collected and organized 19,060 records from six Jewish Sephardic cemeteries in Argentina. Of the 3682 surnames of deceased found there, 58% were found to have the same 334 surnames.
List of the Interior Ministry -Sepharadic Community of Chile, Chile, 1999.
Several of the very first explorers to Chile were accompanied by Conversos. Legend maintains that the very first explorer in 1535, Diego de Almagro, came with a Converso by the name of Rodrigo de Orgonos. Five years later, Pedro de Valdivia, another conquistador, came with Diego Garcia de Caceres of Plasencia, Spain, who is also believed to have been a Converso. Scandals erupted in 1621 after the genealogy of Caceres was traced to include many prominent families in Santiago, including the founder of the Chilean independence movement, General José Miguel Carrera. Caceres' family roots were published in a pamphlet entitled La Ovandina, but the arrival of the Inquisition at that time forbade the circulation of the pamphlet, which was reprinted in 1915. The court of the Inquisition established in Lima in 1570 also had authority over what is now Chile, and the first auto-de-fé was held shortly afterward. Nevertheless, the Crypto-Jewish settlement in this relatively remote outpost of the Spanish Empire continued to grow. The persecution of Conversos ceased when the country gained formal independence from Spain in 1818. Jews have achieved prominent positions in the Chilean government and other realms of influence, and have played a key part in the founding of the country, both before and after its independence in 1818
Sao Paulo Chevra Kadisha, List of people buried, Sao Paulo 1997.
The Chevra Kadisha (Jewish Burial Society) of Sao Paulo is a Society founded in February 25, 1923, to care for the burial of the Jews of Sao Paulo (city and state). The Society currently runs 4 Jewish cemeteries in Sao Paulo. The research was conducted in three ways: reading the tombstones, a consulting the list of deaths until 24 September 1997, and from the society's records and books. The list of deaths, organized by Prof. Solomon, has the name of the deceased, the grave location and the date of his burial. The books are more detailed, with biographical data, which includes the city of origin, thus enabling it to be confirmed as Sephardic. This is a formal record of one of the most important Jewish communities in Latin America, showing how the country was very attractive for Jews from different and distant locations.
Dov Cohen. "Fuentes para la Genealogia de los Judios de Izmir (Esmirna)(Sources for the Genealogy of the Jews of Izmir (Smyrna)" Boletin n° 2 p. 18-9 Sociedad Argentina de Genealogia Judaica, Buenos Aires, dec 1996.
Confederação Israelita do Brasil (CONIB) (Jewish Confederation of Brazil),Rio de Janeiro, 1997.
Joseph Covo. The Jewish community and family names of Sephardic Jews in Ruschuk (Rousse), Bulgaria, in Etsi n° 15, vol. 4, pp. 10-13, Paris, 2001.
Joseph Covo, is a native of Sofia, Bulgaria. He holds a B.A. in political science and journalism and an M.A. in international law from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He immigrated to Palestine in 1944 after spending two years in a forced labor camp during World War II. After the establishment of the State of Israel and service in the Israel Defense Forces, he was sent by the Jewish Agency to South America to promote the Aliya of young Jews. He devoted his career to the advancement of Israeli technological training systems in Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries. After retiring he studied Ladino literature at Bar Ilan University. His book on the history of the Jews of Bulgaria was published in 2002. In the newly-liberated Bulgaria of the late 19th century, Ruse was a cosmopolitan city with a multi-ethnic population. According to the first census conducted in 1883, Ruse was populated by 26,156 people,of which 1943 were Sephardic Jews.
Michel Hanono. List of Members from the Sepharadic Community of Panama, Panama, 1998.
A list organized by Mr. Hanono with the members of the local Sepharadic Community. Most of the families were from Aleppo (Syria).
Esther Fintz Menasce. Gli Ebrei a Rodi (The Jews in Rhodes), Edizioni. Angelo Guerini e Associati, Milano, 1992.
This book is more than a history of what was the Jewish community of Rhodes - it is a vibrant chronicle of how the Jews have survived and how they have been perceived by travelers from other lands, and recounts their intimate relationships, their language, their folklore and their religious festivities. The text is enriched with 254 pages of documents in several languages dealing with governmental, communal, commercial and personal communications, photographs, maps (some dating back to the 15th century),musical notations, newspaper excerpts and much more. All this research is presented in a style that charms the reader.
Liliana Picciotto Fargion.Il Libro Della Memoria, Gli ebrei deportati dall'Italia 1943-1945 (The Book of Memory:Jews Deported from Italy 1943-1945), Mursia, 1991.
This meticulously and painstakingly researched work reconstructs the deportation of Italian Jewry to the German death camps. Out of a Jewish population that by 1943 had been reduced by emigration to slightly over 40,000 (of whom 6,500 were foreigners), 6,746 were deported from Italy proper, and another 1,820 from the Dodecanese, Italian possessions in the Aegean. An additional 303 Jews were killed on Italian soil. Identities of at least 900-1,100 other victims have not been established. This work lists in precise demographic detail the names of the known deceased together with the date and place of each arrest, initial place of incarceration, date of departure for Auschwitz, convoy number (forty-four trains set out from Italy), date of debarkation at the camp (the journey took about five days), and date of execution. For most, this was the same day as arrival. The cover photo of this book shows two-year-old Fiorella Anticoli, seized with her entire family in the infamous roundup of almost 1,300 Roman Jews on 16 October 1943. The arrests were carried out by units of the S.S. specially trained for such "actions" and sent to the Italian capital for the purpose. Working under the very walls of the Vatican, the operation had to be carried out as efficiently and with as little tumult and commotion as possible.
Liz Hamui de Halabe and Fredy Charabati(co-editors), Los Judios de Alepo en Mexico,(The Jews from Alepo in Mexico), Mexico,1989.
History and genealogy of the Jews from Aleppo, Syria who emigrated to Mexico; with index, bibliography and maps.
List of buried people in the Cemetery "Mt. Hebron Cemetery", Queens, N.Y.C., Website, New York, 2000
Mount Hebron Cemetery has been serving the Jewish community of New York City since its first burial on April 14, 1909. Since then, over 217,000 burials have taken place.
Jacques Carasso (editor). List of Greek Jews Killed in Auschwitz, La Lettre Sepharade, Gordes, France.
As soon as the Germans entered Greek mainland, they implemented anti-Jewish policies. In 1943 deportations began. In total, over 54000 greek Jews were sent to Auschwitz. Only a handful survived.
Jean Pierre Filippini. Il Porto di Livorno e La Toscana (1676-1814)(The Port of Livorno and Tuscany 1676-1814), Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, Napoli, 1998.
Contains the census of Jews in Livorno in 1809.
Plaque honoring the victims of the Holocaust who belong to the Synagogue "Kahal Shalom", Rhodes
In July 1944 the Nazis rounded up the more than 1600 Jews of Rhodes and sent them off to Auschwitz. Only 120 men and 30 women survived the ordeal.
Michele Luzzatti, Liana Borghi (ed.), Ebrei di Livorno tra Due Censimenti (1841-1938) (The Jews of Leghorn Between Two Censuses), Belforte Editore Libraio, Livorno, 1990.
This work tells the story of one upper-class Italian family: The Salmon - Cave Bondi Jews of Leghorn in between two censuses (1841-1938). Family memories and identity.
Diva Masur. Jewish Cemetery of Recife, Recife, Portugal.
The first Jewish cemetery in Recife, "Cemiterio Israelita do Barro", was inaugurated in June 1926. Prior to that, the Jews of Recife were buried in a non-Jewish cemetery. Their remains were later transferred to the Jewish cemetery.
Abraham Monk and Jose Isaacson (editors). Jewish Communities of Latin America, Buenos Aires, 1968.
Gary Mokotoff. Avotaynu.
Gary Mokotoff is a noted author, lecturer and leader of Jewish genealogy. He has been recognized by three major genealogical groups for his achievements. Avotaynu, The International Review of Jewish Genealogy, was founded in 1985 as a 20-page semiannual; it has grown to 68-page quarterly that is one of the most respected magazines in genealogy. The Avotaynu Consolidated Jewish Surname Index (CJSI) enables search by surname on 42 different databases.
Asher Moises. Les Noms des Juifs de Grece, France (The names of the Jews of Greece), 1990.
The subject of Jewish surnames in the Balkan region has received more recent attention in the research and compilation of Jewish names by Mathilde Tagger.
Projeto Memoria (CD), Congregacao Monte Sinai, Sao Paulo, 1996.
Ohel Yaakov Synagogue, members list, Sao Paulo.
Sao Paulo is home to approximately half of Brazil's Jewish population. The Ohel Yaakov Synagogue is one of the two major Sephardic synagogues in the region.
Emilio Picciotto. Genealogia della Famiglia Picciotto (dalla fine del 17° secolo), Milan, 1985.
Genealogical research on the Picciotto Family of Italy from the late 17th Century.
Jacob Rubel et. al. (Editorial coordinator), "Sephardic Presence in Argentina" , published by the Sephardic Educational Center , Buenos Aires, 1992.
Book published by the Sephardic Educational Center on the occasion of 500th Anniversary of the Discovery of America.
Angel Pulido Fernandez. Espanoles sin Patria y la Raza Sefardi (Spaniards Without a Country and the Sephardic Race), Madrid, 1905.
In 1903 Dr. Angel Pulido Fernandez and his family boarded one of the many river boats that plied the route between the Austrian capital and the Black Sea, where a steamer would take them back to Spain .On that same boat, a distinguished Sephardic educator, Enrique Bejarano, director of the Sephardic School in Bucarest, who was on vacation, was walking on the deck with his wife and both were talking in Ladino. Pulido introduced himself and his family to Bejarano and his wife, who told him that they were Sephardim. Thus started the beginning of a lifelong quest on the part of Pulido in his crusade of reconciliation between the Sephardim and their former homeland. Pulido took it upon himself to make the Sephardim known to his fellow Spaniards, to open lines of communications and to atone for the sins of his ancestors and to better relations between Spain and the descendants of the exiles of 1492. This book includes, among other things, part of his voluminous year-long correspondence with Sephardim and Spanish leaders whom he had interested in the topic. Through his untiring efforts as a publicist for the "Sephardic Cause" until his death, Pulido affected Spanish public opinion.
Samuel Benchimol. Judeus no Ciclo da Borracha,(Jews in the Rubber Age), Manaus, 1994.
Professor Samuel Benchimol estimates that between 1810 and 1850, before the rubber boom, about 300 Sephardic Jewish families emigrated to the Amazons, and between 1851 and 1910, another 700 arrived. At first, these immigrants found their way to the small towns of the interior of Pará and Amazonas, as Cameta, Almeirim, Obidos, Santarem, Itaituba, Itacoatiara, Tefé, Humaita, Porto Velho, and Belém where they found employment in offices and shops,or trading activities. Later, in the heyday of the boom, they began to advance economically as tenants and owners of rubber plantations in the interior, or as buyers of local products, in the streets of Bethlehem and Manaus. This Jewish immigration of the 19th century did not have the privelege of an organized Jewish community in Manaus and other cities. Only after the rubber boom receded was a strong Jewish Community established in the state capital.
Samuel Schaerf. I Cognomi Degli Ebrei d'Italia, (The Surnames of the Jews of Italy), Casa Editrice Israel, Firenze, 1925.
Lists about 1650 Jewish surnames corresponding to about ten thousand families extracted from the archives of Keren Hajesod of Italy in the 1920's. This book traces etymologies of some surnames and has a list of Jewish families who became aristocratic.
Solomon Gaon and M. Mitchell Serels. Moroccan Jews on the road to Auschwitz in Del Fuego: Sephardim and the Holocaust, New York, 1995.
Originally in French, this work addresses the lesser known subject of the Holocaust and the Sephardim. It includes a list of every Moroccan born Jew deported from Drancy.
Sefarad: Retratos de uma Heranca, exposition and catalog (Sefarad :Portraits of a Heritage), Sao Paulo, 1992.
November 1992 at the Art Museum of Sao Paulo, Brazil. To commemorate the 500th anniversary of the expulsion of Jews from Spain, AHJB (Arquivo Historico Judaico Brasileiro) and Culture House of Israel promoted this exhibition of the public maps, prints, photographs, documents and various objects of the period. In parallel, there was a photo exhibition depicting the life of the descendants of these Jews today.
Mathilde Tagger. Juifs natifs de Turquie parmi les deportes de France (Turkish Jews among the French native deportees), in Revue du CGJ No 53, Paris, 1998.
Sephardic genealogist and award-winning author Dr. Jeffrey Malka has a wonderful Sephardic resources website: www.sephardicgen.com Mathilde Tagger of Jerusalem - award-winning co-author of "Guidebook for Sephardic and Oriental Genealogical Sources in Israel" - has placed the many databases she has created on Dr. Malka's website.
Leon Taranto. Izmir and Rhodes: Taranto family origins, archives and links to other Sephardim, in Etsi No 15, Paris, dec 2002.
ETSI (a Paris-based, bilingual French-English periodical) is devoted exclusively to Sephardic genealogy and is published by the Sephardi Genealogical and Historical Society (SGHS). It was founded by Dr. Philip Abensur, and his professional genealogist wife, Laurence Abensur-Hazan. ETSI's worldwide base of authors publish articles identifying a broad spectrum of archival material of importance to the Sephardic genealogist. A useful feature of ETSI is the listing, on the back cover, of all Sephardic family names, and places of origin, cited in the articles contained in each issue
Gyorgy Ujlaki. Most Common Names from the Sophia (Bulgaria) Jewish Cemetery, compiled in Budapest August 30, 1997
Paulo Valadares Collection, Campinas.
Bension Varon. The tale of a name.'Varons' across time and place. A monograph, Fairfax, 2000.
A register of members of Varon family who were deported and perished in the Holocaust (p. 104-107). Includes bibliographical references.
Dr. Albert de Vidas (editor). Erensia Sefardi, Fairfield, CT, USA.
This newsletter which is now online reports on a variety of topics related to the Sephardic world.
List of Students of the Yeshivah College Machane Israel, Class of 1992, Petropolis, Brazil
Distinguished Jewish bearers of the Eskenazi name and its variants include : Israel ben Samuel Ashkenazi of Shklov, Talmudic casuist (born on Shklov about 1770- died in Tiberias,1839). Vladimir Ashkenazi (Russia 1937- ), pianist and conductor. Rav Yossef Eskenzazi (c.1670) of Smyrna, founder of a rabbinical dynasty Solomon Eskenazi, palace physician to Sultan Ahmed I of Ottoman Empire
Around the 12th century, surnames started to become common in Iberia. In Spain, where Arab-Jewish influence was significant, these new names retained their old original structure, so that many of the Jewish surnames were of Hebrew derivation. Others were directly related to geographical locations and were acquired due to the forced wanderings caused by exile and persecution. Other family names were a result of conversion, when the family accepted the name of their Christian sponsor. In many cases, the Portuguese Jews bear surnames of pure Iberian/Christian origin. Many names have been changed in the course of migration from country to country. In yet other cases "aliases", or totally new names, were adopted due to fear of persecution by the Inquisition.
Here are some locations where registries of Sephardic or Christianized Jewish families with this surname have been traced: Alexandria, Egypt,Buenos Aires, Argentina,Cairo, Egypt,Campinas, Brasil,Canakkale, Turkey,Caracas, Venezuela,Didimotikho, Turkey,Indianapolis, USA,Istanbul, Turkey,Livorno (Leghorn), Italy,London, England,Mexico City, Mexico,New York, USA,Novi Sad, Serbia,Odessa, Ukraine,Paris, France,Petropolis, Brasil,Porto Alegre, Brasil,Recife, Brasil,Rhodes, Greece,Rio de Janeiro, Brasil,Rosario, Argentina,Rousse (Ruse), Bulgaria,Saloniki, Greece,Sao Paulo, Brasil,Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina,Smyrna, Netherlands,Sofia, Bulgary,Tiberias, Israel,Tucuman, Argentina,Venice, Italy,
Some common variations of Eskenazi are Eskenazy, Eskenaz, Eskinazi, Eskenazie, Eshkenazi, Eshkenazy, Eskenasi, Eskenadzi, Eskanasi, Eshchenazi, Eshchinazi, Eschenasi, Eschnazi, Eschinazi, Esquenazi, Esquenasi, Eschenazi,
The following websites are relevant to the surname Eskenazi:
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=317&letter=I
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad%C3%ADmir_%C3%81shkenazi
